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"The public transport industry has become a breakthrough in the promotion and application of pure electric buses with the characteristics of fixed routes and public services. Since the "ten cities and one thousand vehicles" energy saving and new energy vehicle demonstration and application project started in 2009, the promotion of new energy buses has been officially kicked off, and the number of pure electric buses in China has grown rapidly. In 2018, the number of pure electric buses in the national operating buses has surpassed that of diesel buses and natural gas buses, becoming the largest vehicle type. According to the requirements of "eight key tasks of the Ministry of transport to tackle pollution prevention and control" in 2018, the number of new energy buses in China will exceed 400000 by the end of 2020, and pure electric buses will become an important driver to achieve this goal.
The National Engineering Laboratory of electric vehicles of Beijing University of science and technology, in conjunction with the World Resources Research Institute, investigated the application and promotion status and operation efficiency of pure electric buses in China, and put forward suggestions to improve the operation efficiency of pure electric buses based on big data analysis.
background
The development of new energy vehicles (including pure electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, etc.) has an important positive significance for China to reduce oil dependence, reduce carbon emissions, promote the transformation and upgrading of the automobile industry, and has a more significant role in preventing and controlling smog and improving air quality in cities.
With the characteristics of fixed routes and public services, the public transport industry has become a breakthrough and frontier in the promotion and application of new energy vehicles. Since the "ten cities and one thousand vehicles" energy conservation and new energy vehicle demonstration and application project launched in 2009 officially kicked off the 10-year promotion of new energy buses in China's cities, the promotion objectives, purchase and operation subsidies have provided an essential policy boost for the number of new energy buses in China.
At the same time, with the expansion of China's cities, the public transport industry itself is also experiencing a rapid development stage, with the number of operating vehicles and lines experiencing steady growth. Compared with 2014, the number of operating vehicles, lines and lines increased by 28%, 35% and 47% respectively in 2018. However, in the same period, the number of new energy operating vehicles grew the fastest, with an explosive growth of 834% between 2014 and 2018
However, although there are a large number of pure electric buses put into daily operation in China, the common problems encountered are not only the high cost of purchase, but also the low efficiency of vehicle operation. For the Chinese cities that take the lead in promoting pure electric buses on a large scale, the problems in the operation of pure electric buses affect the daily operation quality and efficiency of public transport enterprises and aggravate the financial burden of enterprises and local governments; for the cities that have not yet popularized pure electric buses, these problems will also cause their misunderstanding of pure electric buses and hinder the widespread promotion of pure electric buses 。
Therefore, based on data analysis and field research, this paper has a deep understanding of the challenges faced by the domestic cities in terms of operating efficiency of the promoted pure electric buses, and fed back the countermeasures and suggestions to the purchase, operation and maintenance of pure electric buses, forming a closed-loop, in order to improve the operation status of pure electric buses, and help the city and public transport enterprises to purchase more in line with the operation needs New pure electric vehicle.
research method
From the subjective and objective perspectives, this paper analyzes the promotion and operation status of pure electric bus. In this study, big data analysis and questionnaire survey are used. Using big data, this paper tries to understand the operation status of the promoted pure electric vehicles; in addition, in order to complement the big data analysis, based on the questionnaire survey and field research, this paper focuses on collecting the pure electric bus operation challenges reflected by the public transport enterprises and industry competent departments, and identifying the root causes of the problems. On the basis of quantitative and qualitative analysis, this paper discusses the ways and measures to improve the operation efficiency of the stock and increment pure electric buses.
Sample city selection
Although the scale of pure electric bus in China ranks first in the world, the development of pure electric bus in various cities in China is different. In order to reflect the representativeness, 12 cities (including Beijing, Shenzhen, Nanjing, Jinan, Guiyang, etc.) and 3 small and medium-sized cities (Yichang, Zhuzhou and Xiangyang) are selected as the research objects in this paper. The penetration rate of pure electric bus in the selected cities is different from the level of economic development and geographical location. They are divided into first tier, second tier and third tier cities. There are quite a number of pure electric bus fleets (more than 100 vehicles), which can comprehensively reflect the operation conditions of public transport enterprises in different regions, types of cities and different penetration rates of pure electric bus in China. Northwest and northeast cities with low penetration rate of pure electric buses are not selected as the study sample cities because of the low amount of survey data, the impact of individual and atypical vehicle operation data, and the impact of climate factors.
Operation big data analysis
Based on the operation data of pure electric bus from the national monitoring and management center of new energy vehicles on August, 2018, this study analyzes the overall operation of pure electric bus at the city level, such as online rate, daily mileage, and average charging behavior characteristics of vehicles, including charging mode (fast charging, slow charging), daily charging times, charging duration, etc.
Questionnaire analysis
On the basis of quantitative data analysis, this study combined with questionnaire survey, selected 10 cities' traffic management departments and public transport enterprises to carry out the survey. In addition to the operation and charging characteristics of pure electric buses in various cities, the questionnaire also covers the most problems to be solved in the operation of pure electric buses, factors affecting the performance indicators of operating vehicles, as well as the expectations of first-line bus operators for pure electric bus technology.
research conclusion
Based on the big data analysis and questionnaire survey, this paper reveals that the main factors affecting the operation of pure electric bus at present are: vehicle performance and operation requirements do not match, charging pile planning and construction is not in place, operation organization optimization is not timely, etc. The reasons are as follows: first, the problems that can not be properly handled in the early purchase of vehicles emerge in the operation, including the vehicle performance does not meet the operation requirements, the supporting of charging piles is not in place, etc.; second, the inevitable requirements after the introduction and operation of pure electric buses, including the adjustment of driving plan, the improvement of operation and maintenance manpower and technology, etc.
Finally, to improve the operation efficiency of pure electric buses and promote the promotion of pure electric buses, it is necessary for relevant national ministries and commissions, industry associations, local industry management departments, public transport enterprises and vehicle manufacturers to form a joint force:
■ establish performance test, scoring, spot check and announcement mechanism for pure electric buses.
■ build a national city enterprise three-level new energy bus operation monitoring platform, and provide refined decision-making basis according to the regional and model differences of new energy bus promotion.
■ provide subsidies related to the construction of charging piles and the expansion of power grid; the planning and construction of charging piles shall be advanced to the purchase of vehicles (i.e. before bidding).
■ when the public transport enterprises purchase vehicles, they shall purchase vehicles according to the actual operation needs of the public transport lines; when purchasing vehicles, they shall add supporting clauses in the bidding technical requirements and the purchase contract.
■ when preparing the driving plan of pure electric bus, it is necessary to make a distinction between fast charging operation and slow charging operation; relevant national ministries and commissions, industry associations and public transport enterprises should strengthen experience exchange and research and development of technical tools related to operation optimization, and encourage more efficient driving plan arrangement.
The main readers of the report are the relevant personnel of relevant national ministries and commissions, industry associations, urban public transport industry management departments and public transport enterprises.
Source: National Engineering Laboratory of electric vehicles